k/ - voiceless velar - major class (obstruent) r/ - voiced liquid - major class (sonorant) l/ - voiced glide - major class (sonorant) t/ - voiceless alveolar stop - major class (obstruent)Ĭontrasts most with selected targets . Thus the selected target sounds have the best chance to stimulate system-wide phonological restructuring in the child's sound system. These targets would be selected because they are maximally distinct from the /t/ in terms of voice, manner, place, major class and single sound vs cluster sound. For instance if a child collapsed the /p f l r s k sl st tr / phonemes to /t/ the therapy targets for the /t/ sound may initially be / l r k tr/. Sound target selection is based on the distance metric. Sound Target Selection for Multiple Oppositions Therapy a single consonant /k/ or a cluster /kl/. (Williams, 2006).
Specific target sounds are selected based on their maximal distinctiveness from the substituted sound in terms of place, manner, voice and linguistic unit, i.e. (Williams, 2005) Both parameters help the clinician select sounds for intervention based on the child's unique phoneme collapse. Lynn Williams states that the distance metric contains two parameters: maximal classification and maximal distinctions. (Williams, 2006) A child's error pattern may develop as a result of the child's attempts to produce adult type speech, but, due to a limited sound system, result in a phoneme collapse. Selection of target sounds is based on a child's specific sound errors, which are unique and individual to that child. A key component of the distance metric is that the function of a sound is dependent on the role the sound plays in an individual's sound system.
It's important to note that children with severe phonological disorder may present with several phoneme collapses. A significant phoneme collapse can render a child's speech all but unintelligible.Ī key component of multiple oppositions intervention is the specific selection of appropriate speech targets using a distance metric.Ī distance metric enables the clinician to identify and select the sounds across a rule set that have the most potential to restructure the child's phonological sound system. Note that all the initial phonemes have collapsed to /t/.Ī significant phoneme collapse, where, for instance, up to 18-20 consonant sounds are substituted by a single phoneme, can have a significant impact on a child's intelligibility. So the words sore, fore, lore and chore would all be produced by the child as tore. For instance, /t/ may be produced instead of /s/ /f/ /l/ and /t ʃ/. The more extensive the phoneme collapse, the greater the impact on a child's overall speech intelligibility.įor example, a child may substitute /t/ for multiple consonant phonemes as he/she attempts the adult speech form. This mass substitution of consonant sounds to a single phoneme is known as a phoneme collapse.Ī phoneme collapse is when a child uses a single consonant sound in place of other consonant sounds. This powerful therapy has the potential to dynamically restructure and reorganize a child's phonological system in the shortest amount of time.Ĭhildren with moderate to severe phonological disorder may substitute several or many sounds with a single phoneme. Generally, the kids who are mostly unintelligible to unfamiliar listeners would benefit most from multiple oppositions therapy. Multiple Oppositions reportedly works best with children who present with moderate to severe phonological disorder. Multiple Oppositions Therapy: In contrast to minimal pairs therapy, which focuses on contrasting paired sounds, multiple oppositions theory dictates that several speech sound errors be targeted and contrasted at the same time.
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